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Father Leonard Edward Feeney (February 18, 1897 – January 30, 1978)〔 〕 was a U.S. Jesuit priest, poet, lyricist, and essayist. He articulated and defended a strict interpretation of the Roman Catholic doctrine, ''extra Ecclesiam nulla salus'' ("outside the Church there is no salvation"). He took the position that baptism of blood and baptism of desire are unavailing and that therefore no non-Catholics will be saved.〔〔 Fighting against what he perceived to be the liberalization of Catholic doctrine,〔 he came under ecclesiastical censure. He was described as Boston's homegrown version of Father Charles Coughlin for his antisemitism. == History == Feeney was born in Lynn, Massachusetts, on February 18, 1897. He entered the novitiate in 1914 and was ordained a priest in 1928. In the 1930s, he was literary editor at the Jesuit magazine, America. He was a professor in Boston College's graduate school, and then professor of spiritual eloquence at the Jesuit seminary in Weston, Massachusetts, before he became the priest chaplain at the Catholic Saint Benedict Center at Harvard Square in 1945. (He had first visited in 1941.) He gave incendiary speeches on the Boston Common on Sundays, leading Robert Kennedy, then a Harvard undergraduate, to write Archbishop Cushing requesting his removal. He induced some of the faithful to drop out of Harvard or Radcliffe to become students at his Center, now accredited as a Catholic school. From 1946, the Center published ''From the Housetops'', a periodical focused on Catholic theology that enjoyed contributions from the archbishop himself. By 1949, it had begun a controversy over ''extra ecclesiam nulla salus'' that led to four of the Center's members' dismissal from their posts in the Boston College theology faculty and Boston College High School.〔〔 〕 In light of his controversial behavior, his Jesuit superiors ordered him to leave the Center for a post at College of the Holy Cross, but he repeatedly refused.〔 On August 8, 1949, Cardinal Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani of the Holy Office sent a protocol letter to Archbishop of Boston Richard Cushing on the meaning of the dogma ''extra Ecclesiam nulla salus'' (''outside the church there is no salvation''), which Feeney refused to accept.〔(Letter of the Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office )〕 This protocol was never published in the ''Acta Apostolicae Sedis''. After Feeney repeatedly refused to reply to this summons to Rome, he was excommunicated on February 13, 1953 by the Holy See for persistent disobedience to legitimate Church authority due to his refusal to comply with the summons. The decree of excommunication was later published in the ''Acta Apostolicae Sedis''. His followers said that his excommunication was invalid because Feeney was not given a reason for his summons.〔 originally published in Fidelity, 206 Marquette Avenue, South Bend, IN 46617〕 Following his excommunication, Feeney set up a community called the Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary.〔〔 〕〔 Now http://sistersofstbenedictcenter.org/history.html .〕 He was reconciled to the Roman Catholic Church in 1972, but was not required to retract or recant his interpretation of "Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus". The phrase is inscribed on his tombstone. Speaking two decades after the controversy Cardinal Avery Dulles judged Feeney's doctrine on a series of lectures not having to do with "extra Ecclesiam..." to be quite sound. Dulles' reflections on Feeney's life did not endorse nor deny Feeney's views on ''extra Ecclesiam nulla salus'', and spoke only to his theology, not his political views on issues such as Zionism.〔 Please see also 〕 Feeney died in Ayer, Massachusetts, on January 30, 1978. He received a Mass of Christian Burial by his bishop. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Leonard Feeney」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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